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American Academy of Pediatrics
Article

Updates in Infant Nutrition

Dina M. DiMaggio, Amanda Cox and Anthony F. Porto
Pediatrics in Review October 2017, 38 (10) 449-462; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0239
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Dina M. DiMaggio
*Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
†Pediatric Associates of NYC, New York, NY
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Amanda Cox
‡Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Anthony F. Porto
§Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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  • Article
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  1. Dina M. DiMaggio, MD*,†
  2. Amanda Cox, MD‡
  3. Anthony F. Porto, MD, MPH§
  1. *Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
  2. †Pediatric Associates of NYC, New York, NY
  3. ‡Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
  4. §Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
  • AUTHOR DISCLOSURE

    Drs DiMaggio, Cox, and Porto have disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this article. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.

  • Abbreviations:
    AAP:
    American Academy of Pediatrics
    ARA:
    arachidonic acid
    CDC:
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    DHA:
    docosahexaenoic acid
    FDA:
    Food and Drug Administration
    FPIES:
    food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome
    GER:
    gastroesophageal reflux
    GERD:
    GER disease
    IgE:
    immunoglobulin E
    MCT:
    medium-chain triglyceride
    WHO:
    World Health Organization
  • Practice Gap

    Guidelines for introduction of complementary foods in infants have evolved. New data have led to the development of updated guidelines on the introduction of high-allergy foods, especially with the introduction of peanuts. Pediatricians need to keep up to date with these changes to educate parents on current guidelines.

    Objectives

    After completing this article, readers should be able to:

    1. Educate parents on the introduction of complementary foods, specifically with regard to iron- and zinc-fortified first foods and highly allergenic foods, including peanuts, on the basis of current guidelines.

    2. Use the World Health Organization and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts correctly.

    3. Recognize and treat common medical conditions related to infant nutrition.

    4. Describe the differences between common infant formulas.

    Introduction

    Infancy is a period of rapid growth and development. Parents are often confused about optimal infant nutrition practices. In addition, as new research has emerged, pediatricians have needed to modify the education provided to parents. This article covers common topics about infant nutrition, including normal infant growth, use of breast milk, discussion of formula options, and introduction of complementary foods. Our recommendations are based on current guidelines and research.

    Normal Growth During Infancy

    During infancy, children are expected to double their birth weight by 5 to 6 months of age. Children gain weight more rapidly during the first 3 months after birth, and this rate decreases over the first year (Table 1). Height will also increase by 10 inches (25.4 cm), and head circumference will increase by 5 inches (12.7 cm) in the first year.

    View this table:
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    Table 1.

    Normal Infant Weight Gain

    A good resource for identifying patterns of excessive weight loss in the first few days …

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    In this issue

    Pediatrics in Review: 38 (10)
    Pediatrics in Review
    Vol. 38, Issue 10
    1 Oct 2017
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    Updates in Infant Nutrition
    Dina M. DiMaggio, Amanda Cox, Anthony F. Porto
    Pediatrics in Review Oct 2017, 38 (10) 449-462; DOI: 10.1542/pir.2016-0239

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    Updates in Infant Nutrition
    Dina M. DiMaggio, Amanda Cox, Anthony F. Porto
    Pediatrics in Review Oct 2017, 38 (10) 449-462; DOI: 10.1542/pir.2016-0239
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    • Article
      • Practice Gap
      • Objectives
      • Introduction
      • Normal Growth During Infancy
      • Use of Growth Charts
      • Frequency and Amount Per Feeding
      • Breastfeeding
      • Contraindications to Breastfeeding
      • Breast Milk Storage
      • Vitamin D Supplementation
      • Donor Milk
      • Formula
      • Timing for Introduction of Solids
      • Developmental Signs of Readiness
      • What Foods to Introduce First
      • Medical Conditions of Infancy
      • Conclusions
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • Figures & Data
    • Supplemental
    • Info & Metrics
    • Comments
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