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American Academy of Pediatrics
Article

Pediatric Solid Tumors in Children and Adolescents: An Overview

Wendy Allen-Rhoades, Sarah B. Whittle and Nino Rainusso
Pediatrics in Review September 2018, 39 (9) 444-453; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2017-0268
Wendy Allen-Rhoades
*Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX
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Sarah B. Whittle
*Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX
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Nino Rainusso
*Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX
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  1. Wendy Allen-Rhoades, MD*
  2. Sarah B. Whittle, MD, MS*
  3. Nino Rainusso, MD*
  1. *Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX
  • AUTHOR DISCLOSURE

    Drs Allen-Rhoades and Whittle have disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this article. Dr Rainusso has disclosed that he has received a career development award grant from St. Baldrick's Foundation and a sarcoma scholar grant from Snowdrop Foundation. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.

  • Abbreviations:
    131I:
    iodine 131
    AFP:
    α-fetoprotein
    β-HCG:
    β-human chorionic gonadotropin
    CT:
    computed tomography
    EWS:
    Ewing sarcoma
    GCT:
    germ cell tumor
    MRI:
    magnetic resonance imaging
    OS:
    osteosarcoma
    PTC:
    papillary thyroid cancer
    SNL:
    sentinel lymph node
    XP:
    xeroderma pigmentosum
  • Education Gaps

    Pediatricians should recognize the role of age, genetic conditions, and environmental exposures in the development of malignant solid tumors in children and adolescents.

    Objectives

    After completing this article, readers should be able to:

    1. Identify the signs and symptoms of extracranial germ cell tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma in pediatric patients.

    2. Identify the genetic conditions and environmental exposures associated with different cancer types in adolescents.

    3. Recognize general aspects of the multidisciplinary treatment approach in patients with extracranial germ cell tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma.

    Introduction

    Although hematologic and central nervous system malignancies continue to be the most common cancers in adolescents, extracranial malignant solid tumors represent, as a group, 52% of cancers in patients in the 15- to 19-year-old age group (Fig 1). The tumor distribution of malignant pediatric solid tumors in adolescents is different compared with that of younger children, in whom embryonal or developmental cancers, such as retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, or hepatoblastoma, are more prevalent. The most common malignant solid tumors in adolescents are extracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs), bone and soft tissue sarcomas, melanoma, and thyroid cancer. The diagnosis and treatment of adolescents with cancer also have particular challenges related to patient age, such as adherence to therapy, need for psychological support, concerns about body image, and fertility preservation. In this review, we offer a general description of the clinical presentation and treatment of the most common malignant pediatric solid tumors in adolescents.

    Figure 1.

    Distribution of pediatric cancers in adolescents aged …

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    Pediatrics in Review: 39 (9)
    Pediatrics in Review
    Vol. 39, Issue 9
    1 Sep 2018
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    Pediatric Solid Tumors in Children and Adolescents: An Overview
    Wendy Allen-Rhoades, Sarah B. Whittle, Nino Rainusso
    Pediatrics in Review Sep 2018, 39 (9) 444-453; DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0268

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    Pediatric Solid Tumors in Children and Adolescents: An Overview
    Wendy Allen-Rhoades, Sarah B. Whittle, Nino Rainusso
    Pediatrics in Review Sep 2018, 39 (9) 444-453; DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0268
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